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WAEC Syllabus for Animal Husbandry (ALT A)

WAEC Syllabus for Animal Husbandry. WAEC Syllabus for Animal Husbandry is available for all candidates who want to participate in the examination. The West African examination council (WAEC) has officially introduced a syllabus that will guide all the WAEC candidates who wish to write the WAEC examination this year. For a very successful WAEC Animal Husbandry examination for this year, you need to check out the available areas of concentration. It has been divided into sections with chapters, followed by the topics covered. Inside the below WAEC Animal Husbandry syllabus, you will also see the format of how the WAEC Animal Husbandry questions will look like. Jamb form 

There are always 3 sections to answer questions from. The first paper has a time frame and it’s 1 hour given for 50 marks. The second paper is been given 2 hours for 80 marks and lastly, paper three is given 2 hours for 60 marks.


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WAEC Syllabus for Animal Husbandry (ALT A)

Note, question 2 and question 3 are essay questions. To be handwritten. The full guide on this has been provided below. WAEC Syllabus for Animal Husbandry (ALT A)

This WAEC syllabus is for both the O’level WAEC and General Certificate Examination (GCE) candidates. Final year students in the senior secondary school level and external candidates are eligible to make use of this syllabus and prepare ahead of the examination.

See the full detailed information concerning the WAEC Animal Husbandry Syllabus below.

PREAMBLE

The syllabus has been structured to assess candidates’ basic knowledge and skills in the production, processing, storage, packaging and marketing of farm animals and their products. It is also intended to assess the capability of the candidates to pursue further training at the tertiary level. Pounds to Naira

AIMS OF THE SYLLABUS

The syllabus will therefore seek to assess candidates’ knowledge and skills in

(1)        basic animal production practices such as feeding, housing, pest and disease control;

(2)        the efficient and effective management of animal enterprises;

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(3)        the application of environmentally friendly practices to sustain production;

(4)        the identification of basic problems hindering the improvement of the Animal   Industry;

(5)        the efficient processing, preservation, packaging, storage and marketing of animals and their products.

REQUIREMENTS

  1. Schools offering Animal Husbandry are expected to raise at least one species of farm animals from each of the following groups: Jamb Result
  • Monogastrics e.g. poultry, pigs, rabbits.

(b)        Ruminants e.g. goats, sheep, cattle.

  1. It is recommended that the schools should have agriculture laboratories where specimens, equipment and chemicals would be kept.
  2. It is also recommended that candidates keep practical notebooks which should contain records of activities undertaken and observations made on the school farm and on field trips and of specimens collected.

EXAMINATION SCHEME

For candidates in Ghana only

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken.  Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken at one sitting. Waec Result

PAPER 1:  Will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions all of which must be answered within 1 hour for 50 marks.

PAPER 2:  Will consist of six essay-type questions.  Candidates will be required to answer four questions within 2 hours for 80 marks.

PAPER 3:  Will be a practical paper for school candidates or a test of practical paper for private candidates. The paper will consist of four questions all of which must be answered within 2 hours for 60 marks. Dollar to Naira Rate

 

 

CONTENTS

 

 

NOTES

 

A.  INTRODUCTION TO      

ANIMAL   

HUSBANDRY

 

1.  Meaning, scope and

importance of animal

husbandry

 

 

 

2. Problems in animal

production

 

 

 

3.Quality and Safety

standard of animal food

products

 

 

 

 

 

4. Classification of farm

animals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B.  ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY OF   

FARM

ANIMALS

 

1. Meaning of  the terms:

anatomy,  physiology

and the external

orientation of farm

animals

 

 

 

2. Digestive System

(a)  Comparative

anatomy of digestive

system of farm

animals

 

(b)  Digestion and

Absorption

processes in the

various classes

of farm animals

 

 

 

 

 

3.   Central  Nervous

System

(a) Parts of  the Central

Nervous System

(CNS) and

Autonomic

Nervous System

(ANS)

 

 

(b) Functions of the

ANS

 

 

 

(c)  Endocrine System

(i) Endocrine glands

and their functions

 

(ii)  Hormones and

their functions

 

 

 

4. Integumentary, skeletal

and muscular  systems

 

 

 

5.  Reproductive System

 

 

 

 

 

(a)  Anatomy of the

reproductive system

of poultry and

livestock

 

 

(b) Functions of organs

and parts of the

reproductive system

 

 

 

(c)  Reproductive

processes

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.   Circulatory System

(a)  Structure and

functions

 

 

 

 

(b) Heart and Pulse

rate

 

 

7.  Respiratory System

(a) Meaning and

Importance of

Respiration

 

(b)  Structure and

Functions of the

Respiratory  System

 

8. Excretory System

(a) Meaning and

Importance of the

Excretion

 

(b) Structure and

Functions of  the

Excretory System

 

 

(c) Excretory Products

 

 

C. ANIMAL NUTRITION

1. Introduction to Animal

Nutrition

(a) Meaning and

Importance

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(b)  Modes of feeding

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Feedstuffs and Feed

Supplements

(a) Types,  composition

and functions of

the  feed nutrients

 

 

 

 

 

(b) Classification of

feedstuffs

 

 

(c)  Food tests

 

 

(d)  Producers and

suppliers of

feedstuffs and

supplements

 

 

3.  Formulation and

Preparation of Animal

Feeds

(a)    Common terms

used in feed

formulation

 

 

 

(b)   Factors considered

in the formulation  of ration

 

 

(c)    Steps in the

formulation of ration

 

4. Handling and Storage of

Animal Feeds

(a)  Importance of  feed

storage and

features of

storage structures

 

 

(b)  Factors that affect

the quality of stored

feed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Record keeping and

estimation of cost of

prepared feed

 

6. Pests of stored feed and

their control

 

 

 

D. ANIMAL HEALTH

 

1. Meaning of terms

 

 

 

2. Signs of good and ill-

health

 

 

 

 

3. Factors that pre-

dispose animals to

diseases

 

 

 

 

4. Effects of diseases,

pests and  parasites on

animal  production

 

 

 

5. Zoonotic diseases; their

importance and

prevention

 

6. Pathogens of farm

animal diseases

(a)  Classification of

pathogens

 

(b)  Pathogenic

diseases and their

economic

importance

(c)  Principles for

prevention and

control of

diseases of farm

animals

 

 

 

 

(d)  Management

practices in the

prevention and

control of diseases

of farm animals

 

 

 

7.  Ectoparasites  and

endoparasites

 

(a)    Types and

examples

of  parasites

 

(b)  Structure, life cycle

and mode of

feeding

 

(c)  Conditions that

influence parasite

population

 

 

8. Prevention and control

of parasites

 

 

 

 

9. Economic importance

of parasites

 

 

 

 

 

 

E.  GENETIC

PRINCIPLES AND    

ANIMAL

IMPROVEMENT

 

1. Heredity, basic genetic

terms and Mendel’s first

law of inheritance

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Meaning, objectives

and benefits of animal

improvement

 

 

 

 

3. Performance traits of

improved and

unimproved animals

 

 

 

4. Methods of animal

improvement;

advantages and

disadvantages

 

 

 

 

 

5. Nutritional and

environmental factors

affecting animal

improvement

 

 

6.  Artificial Insemination

 

(a)  Meaning and

process of

artificial

insemination

(A.I.)

 

(b)  Advantages of

A.I.

 

 

 

(c)  Signs of heat

(oestrus) and

handling

procedures in the

collection and

storage of semen

 

F.  INTRODUCTION TO

ENVIRONMENTAL

PHYSIOLOGY

1. Internal and external

environment of animals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. The role of the nervous

and endocrine systems

in homeostasis and

animal’s response to

stimuli

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Determination of room

temperature, body

temperature and

respiration rate in farm

animals

 

 

4. Effects of climate on

farm animals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.  Modification of animal

environment and

management pratices to

reduce stress on

animals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G.  MONOGASTRIC

AND

DOMESTIC PET 

PRODUCTION

 

1. Poultry production

(a)  Definition and

characteristics of

poultry

 

 

(b)  Classes of poultry

 

 

 

 

(c)  Breeds and types

of poultry

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(d)  Importance/role of

poultry production

 

 

 

(e)  Systems of poultry

Production

 

 

 

 

(f) Incubation and

Hatchery Practices

(i)  Terminologies

 

 

 

(ii)  Natural and

Artificial

Incubation

 

 

 

(iii)  Selection of eggs

for Hatching

 

 

 

(iv)  Conditions

necessary for

hatching of eggs

 

 

 

(v)  Incubation Process

 

 

 

 

 

 

(vi)  Candling of Eggs

 

 

(vii)  Marketing of day-

old chicks

 

 

 

 

 

(g) Management Practices

 

 

 

 

(h) Processing

and marketing

of Poultry

 

 

 

 

 

(i)  Prospects of producing

the various types of

poultry

 

 

2.  Pig Production

(a)  Types, breeds and

characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

 

(b)  Importance of pig

production

 

 

 

(c)  Systems of

keeping pigs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(d)  Management

practices

 

 

(e)  Slaughtering,

processing and

marketing of pigs

 

 

 

 

3.   Domestic Pets

(a) Meaning and

Importance of pets

 

 

 

 

(b)  Management of  pets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(c)  Training of Pets

 

 

 

 

(d)  Marketing of pets

 

 

(H)  RUMINANT

PRODUCTION

1.  Sheep and goat

production.

 

(a)    Common

Breeds,

Distribution and

Characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(b)  Importance of

sheep and goats

 

 

 

 

 

(c)  Management

Practices

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(d)  Common parasites

and diseases and

their control

 

 

 

(e)  Processing and

marketing

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.  Beef Cattle Production

 

(a)  Breeds and

characteristics

 

 

 

(b)   Importance of

beef cattle

production

 

 

 

(c)  Common

Production

Systems

 

 

 

 

 

(d)  Planning,production

and management of

cattle for beef and

traction

 

 

 

 

e)   General management

practices

 

 

 

(f)   Processing and

marketing

 

 

 

(g)   Major Problems in

beef cattle production

 

 

 

 

 

3.   Dairy cattle production

 

(a)    Breeds and

features of dairy cow

 

 

 

 

(b)  Characteristics,

sources and

importance of milk

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

c)  Management practices

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(d)   Diseases and their

control

 

 

(e)  Production, processing

and marketing of milk

and dairy products

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(f)  Problems of dairy

cattle production in

warm climates

 

 

 

I. RANGE AND

 PASTURE

MANAGEMENT

1.  Introduction to range

and pastures

(a)  Basic

terminologies in

pasture and range

management

 

(b) Types of pasture

and their features

 

(c)   Importance of

pastures and forage

crops in animal

production

 

(d)   Factors that affect the

productivity of

different types of

pasture

 

 

 

(e)   Major forage crops

 

 

 

 

(f)   Poisonous plants in

pasture

 

 

2.    Pasture establishment

and management

 

(a)   Qualities  of good

pasture and forage

species

 

 

(b)   Establishment of

pasture

 

 

 

 

 

(c)    Improving natural

Pastures

 

 

 

 

(d)   Management of

cultivated pastures

 

 

 

 

(e)    Harvesting of forage

crops

 

 

3.   Forage conservation

and utilization

 

(a)   Forage

conservation and

its  importance

 

 

 

 

 

 

(b)   Preparation of hay

and silage

 

 

 

 

 

 

(c)  Utilization of crop

residue in feeding

animals

 

 

(J)  NON-TRADITIONAL    

 ANIMAL PRODUCTION

 

1. Rabbit and Grasscutter

Producation

(a)     Common breeds

 

 

 

(b)    Importance of

producing rabbits

and grasscutters

 

 

 

(c)   Manangement

Practices

 

 

 

 

(d)   Processing and

Marketing

 

 

2.  Snail Farming

(a)  Meaning and

importance

 

 

 

(b)  External features of

Snails

 

 

 

 

(c)  Types of  species

 

 

 

(d)   Site selection

 

 

 

 

(e)   Management Practices

 

 

 

 

 

 

(f)  Processing and              marketing of snails

 

 

 

(g)    Establishing

enterprises in animal

husbandry

 

 

 

 

 

1.  Breeds of

Farm  Animals.

 

2.   Classification of farm

Animals.

 

 

 

 

3.  Anatomy and

Physiology of Farm

Animals.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.  Animal Nutrition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.  Main Pests and

Parasites of farm animals

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.  Diseases of farm

animals; their

prevention

and control

 

 

 

 

 

7.   Artificial Insemination

 

 

 

 

8.   Environmental

Physiology

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.  Management Practices

 

 

 

 

 

 

10   Animal Products

and By-products

 

 

 

11.  Range and Pasture

Management

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

12.   Animal Housing and

Structures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Knowledge of the meaning (rearing of farm animals), scope (nutrition, health, etc.) and importance (source of food, employment, income, etc) of farm animals are required.

 

Knowledge and understanding of the problems in animal production in West Africa and possible solutions to the problems will be assessed.

 

Description of the quality and safety standards of animal food products. Practices for maintaining standards, effect of consuming poor animal products and roles of agencies involved in the animal food products safety and quality will be assessed.

 

Classification based on;

 

1.  Digestive system

(a) Ruminants e.g. sheep, goat, cattle

(b) Non-ruminants (monogastrics) eg.

poultry, pigs

(c) Non-ruminant herbivores e.g.

rabbits,  grasscutter, guinea pigs.

2. Concept of traditional

(cattle, sheep, goat) and

     non-traditional farmanimals

(rabbit, grasscutter, snails).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Understanding of the terms anatomy and physiology; and knowledge of parts and positions of the various external parts (orientation) of farm animals e.g. the head of the cow is anterior to the hind limb or udder; will be assessed.

 

The main features of the digestive systems of  ruminants, non-ruminant herbivores and monogastrics and the differences in structure and functions will be assessed.

 

 

Candidates’ understanding of digestion processes in the various classes of farm animals, the role of specific enzymes in the digestion of specific nutrients e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils in farm animals, and the structures and processes involved in absorption of nutrients will be assessed.

 

 

Ability to identify the parts of the CNS and ANS and describe the mode of action of the CNS and ANS is required.

 

 

Knowledge of the functions of the ANS is required. The ability to explain how nerve impulses are transmitted and how homeostasis is ensured will also be assessed.

 

Knowledge of what endocrine glands are, their location in the body and functions will be assessed.

 

Hormones, their functions and mode of action, and understanding of the need to administer synthetic hormones will be assessed

 

 

 

 

The structure and functions of the integumentary (skin), skeletal and muscular systems will be assessed.

 

 

Understanding of reproductive terms e.g. puberty, oestrous cycle, oestrus/anoestrus, ovulation, fertilization, libido, etc will be assessed.

 

 

Knowledge of the main features of the reproductive system of poultry and livestock will be assessed.

 

 

 

Knowledge of the functions of the organs and parts of the reproductive system will be assessed.

 

 

 

The various stages in the reproductive process (from puberty through mating to parturition); differences between the reproductive processes in poultry and livestock will be assessed.

Knowledge of reproductive hormones and their functions is also required.

 

Assessment will be on the various organs of the system e.g. heart, blood vessels; tissues (blood, lymph) and cells (blood cells); and their functions.

Differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation will also be assessed.

 

Meaning of heart and pulse rate and the interpretation of their values will be assessed.

 

Understanding of the term respiration and its importance will be assessed.

 

 

 

 

The structure and functions of the parts of the respiratory system of livestock will be required.

 

Understanding of the term excretion and its importance is required

 

 

 

 

The structure and functions of the parts of the excretory system of livestock will be required.

 

 

Examples of excretory products and how they are eliminated from the body is required.

 

 

Understanding of the term nutrition and its importance/role in animal production e.g. improves body resistance, production  level, etc. will be assessed.

 

Understanding of basic nutrition terms such as nutrients, diet, ration, roughages, malnutrition, concentrates, etc will also be required.

 

 

The differences in the various modes of feeding in non-ruminant herbivores, ruminants, carnivores and omnivores will be required.

The influence of the type of dentition on the mode of feeding of the animals will also be required.

 

 

 

 

Feedstuffs and supplements, their main composition and functions of the major nutrients will be required

 

 

 

 

 

Ability to group feedstuffs according to the major nutrients they supply will also be assessed.

 

Ability to use simple food tests to detect the presence of carbohydrates, fats and oils, proteins in feedstuffs is required.

 

Knowledge of major producers and suppliers of feedstuffs in the country  is also required

 

 

 

 

 

 

Understanding of the common terms used in formulation such as dry matter, diet, metabolizable energy, malnutrition etc. will be assessed.

 

 

Factors considered in the formulation of rations e.g. age, physiological state of the animal, cost of feed ingredients etc. will be required.

 

Ability to  use  the Pearson Square Method to formulate a balanced  ration  is required.

 

 

 

Importance of  feed  storage and features of the various feed storage structures/containers will be required.

 

 

Factors which affect the quality of stored feed e.g. storage temperature/ambient temperature, humidity, water content, pests and  rodents will be required.

 

Ability to follow procedures /practices in the handling of stored feed e.g. drying, fumigation, will also be assessed.

 

 

Ability to keep feed records and estimate the cost of prepared  feed will be assessed.

 

Ability to identify common pests of stored feeds, the effects of pests on stored feed (e.g. damage, contamination), preventive and control measures of pests in feed will be assessed.

 

Candidates will be assessed on their

understanding of  the terms:  disease, pest and parasite.

 

Knowledge of the characteristics of healthy and sick animals and ability to describe  the signs and symptoms of disease in farm animals will be assessed.

 

Understanding of the factors and how they predispose animals to diseases e.g. over crowding, poor nutrition, poor housing,

Causes of stress and measures to reduce stress in farm animals will be assessed.

 

Understanding of the effects of diseases, pests and parasites on the economic value of animals/ animal products and income e.g. reduced value/output, loss of income, reduced quality of products, will be assessed.

 

Understanding of the term zoonotic disease and its importance e.g. effect on human health and preventive methods will be assessed.

 

 

Knowledge of the various classes of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa)

 

Common pathogenic diseases and their economic importance in animal production will be assessed.

 

 

Principles for prevention and control of diseases (e.g. nutrition, vaccination, ) with respect to cost, suitability and efficiency;

Ability to use prophylactics (coccidiostat, anti-biotics, anti-stress drugs, vitamins) to control animal diseases will be assessed.

 

 

Practices such as deworming, dipping, dusting, treatment of wounds and sores, spraying and fumigation of animal houses, drug administration and precautions to be  taken in the use of drugs for disease control will be assessed.

 

 

 

 

Knowledge of the two main types of parasites (ecto and endoparasites) and examples is required.

 

 

The structure, life cycle and mode of feeding of the common types of endo- and ectoparasites will be required.

 

Conditions that affect parasite   population, and how they could be changed to reduce parasite population will be assessed.

 

Measures such as deworming, drenching, dipping, farm sanitation etc, the use of appropriate equipment and chemicals in the prevention and control of parasites will be assessed.

 

 

The economic importance of ectoparasites and endoparasites (i) on the host e.g. ectoparasites damage skin and hides, suck blood. Endoparasites damage internal organs

(ii) on animal products e.g. loss of income, increased expenditure due to control measures, etc. will be assessed.

 

 

 

 

 

Candidates will be assessed on their

understanding of heredity and associated genetic terms (e.g. gene, genotype, phenotype, sex-linkage) in animals, the processes of cell division (meiosis and mitosis) and inheritance of traits;

Mendel’s first law of inheritance of genes

 

 

Understanding of the term animal improvement and knowledge of the objectives and benefits of animal improvement e.g. disease resistance, better growth rate, will be assessed.

 

Ability to analyze data to determine superiority of improved animals based on genotype and phenotype will be assessed.

 

 

 

The different methods of animal improvement (introduction, selection, breeding), types of breeding (e.g. cross breeding, line breeding), advantages and disadvantages of the different methods of animal improvement will be required.

 

 

Nutritional and environmental factors that affect animal improvement will be assessed

 

 

 

 

Understanding of the term artificial insemination, the ability to describe A.I. technique and name of  tools and equipment used in the process are required.

 

Advantages  in the use of A.I. will be required.

 

 

Ability to detect heat in farm animals through knowledge of signs of heat and the proper handling procedures in the collection and storage of semen will be assessed

 

 

 

 

 

 

Candidates will be assessed on what constitutes the internal environment (e.g. blood glucose level, body temperature) and external  environment (e.g. ambient temperature, humidity, wind) of animals and examples of acceptable levels of constituents of these environments

 

 

 

The role of the nervous and endocrine systems in creating environmental awareness in animals, their responses to stimuli and maintenance of homeostasis e.g. normal levels of body

Temperature

 

 

espiration; heart rate is required.

Knowledge of physiological and behavioural responses of animals to heat, cold, exercise, etc is also required.

 

Knowledge of equipment employed in the measurement of temperature, humidity, respiration rate, heart beat, etc. and the ability to  use the equipment and interpretation of generated data are required

 

Indirect and direct effects of climate on farm animals (e.g. disease prevalence, feed quality and quantity, heat stress, increased abortion) will be assessed.

 

Understanding of the terms thermo-neutral zone and optimum temperature and their relation to animal productivity will be assessed.

 

 

Ways of modifying  the  environment e.g. provision of  appropriate housing, shading, cooling; and management (e.g. better feeding, time of grazing, etc.) on  improved animal productivity will be assessed. Strategies to minimize stress e.g. design and lay-out of houses, provision of  cool water, modified feeds, proper timing of drug administration will also be assessed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Candidates will be assessed on their understanding of the term poultry and knowledge of the characteristics of poultry e.g. possession of beaks, wings, feathers.

 

Knowledge of the different types of poultry e.g. chicken, turkey, ducks, Guinea fowls and ostriches will be assessed.

 

Knowledge of the breeds of the various types of poultry:

Chicken e.g Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock;

Guinea fowl e.g.Grey, Red-wattled (Pearl variety);

Turkey e.g. Broad Breasted Bronze:

Ducks e.g. Muscovy, Khaki Campbell;

Ostriches e.g. Blue Neck, Red Neck will be assessed.

 

 

 

The importance of the production of the various types of poultry will be assessed.

 

 

The various systems of poultry keeping and the advantages and disadvantages of the various production systems: extensive, intensive, semi-intensive systems will  be required.

 

Understanding of terms such as fertile egg, hatchability, incubation and broodiness will be assessed.

 

 

 

Ability to describe and differentiate between natural and artificial incubation,  the  advantages and disadvantages of each method of incubation will be assessed.

 

Knowledge of the characteristics of eggs suitable for hatching and the ability to select them for hatching are required.

 

Knowledge of the incubation  period of   the types of poultry and  the conditions necessary for hatching of eggs will be assessed.

 

Ability to describe the process of incubation and knowledge of hatchery practices that would ensure production of healthy chicks e.g. fumigation, temperature will be assessed.

 

 

Understanding of the process of candling of eggs is required.

 

Techniques and precautions for the marketing of day-old chicks will be assessed.

 

 

 

Management practices i.e. housing, breeding, brooding, feeding, sanitation, pest and disease control, identification, record keeping, etc. will be assessed.

 

Knowledge and understanding of the activities involved in the processing and marketing of poultry i.e. slaughtering and Processing, Quality Control, Packaging, Preservation and Storage, Marketing Outlets, transportation and advertisement will be assessed.

 

The prospects for keeping the various types of poultry, consumer preferences, market availability, cost etc will be assessed.

 

Candidates will be assessed on their knowledge of

(i)                 Types of pig. i.e. bacon, lard and pork types

(ii)               Breeds of pig e.g., Yorkshire, Ashanti

Black, Large White, Landrace, and

(iii)  The characteristics of the breeds of

pig.

The importance of pig production to the economy i.e. source of employment, income, insulin used in pharmaceutical industries etc will be assessed.

 

Candidates’ understanding of and ability to describe the various management systems of pig production i.e. Intensive, Semi-intensive and Extensive systems will be assessed.

The advantages and disadvantages of each of the management systems will also be assessed.

 

The various management practices used in pig production e.g. breeding, housing amd feeding will be assessed.

 

Knowledge and techniques of slaughtering, processing and marketing practices, e.g. bacon making, quality control, packaging, storage, identification of marketing outlets, advertisements etc. will be assessed.

 

The meaning of the term ‘pet’; (e.g. cat, dog, parrot) and the important roles pets play in the society e.g. security, income, shepherding, companionship are required.

 

 

The management practices in the raising of pets such as housing, feeding, sanitation, breeding, grooming and care, pests and diseases and their control will be assessed. The importance of pet licencing and regular vaccination will be assessed.

 

Knowledge of animal behaviour and reasons for training of pets is required.

 

 

 

Marketing strategies  and value chain process in the marketing of pets will be assessed.

 

 

 

 

 

The common breeds of sheep and goats and their geographical distribution will be assessed.

 

The distinguishing features between sheep and goats, as well as the characteristics of the breeds e.g. body size, nature of hair cover and horn shape will also be assessed.

 

 

The importance of sheep and goats i.e. Social e.g. religious; Economic e.g. income, hides and skin for leather etc; Nutrition e.g. meat for food etc. is required.

 

Production requirements using a value chain approach is required.

Management practices in the production of sheep and goats such as

hoof trimming,  housing, feeding, sanitation, disease and pest control are also required.  Ability to determine the age of sheep and goat by the dentition will be assessed.

 

Common parasites (ticks and worms) and diseases of sheep and goats e.g anthrax, mastitis, foot rot; signs/symptoms of infection and control measures will be assessed.

 

Techniques involved in the processing and marketing of sheep and goats to ensure meat quality, safety and consumer satisfaction including  slaughtering and processing, quality control, preservation and storage, packaging, advertising and marketing outlets will be assessed.

 

 

Common  breeds of  beef cattle in West Africa and Europe; and the characteristics and general structure of breef breeds will be assessed.

 

The importance of beef cattle production i.e. nutritional value of beef, use of hides, horns, bones and manure, social and economic value of beef and live cattle will be assessed.

 

The common production systems of beef cattle e.g. Extensive, pastoral, agropastoral, semi-intensive, intensive feedlot,pastures), their characteristics and the strengths and weaknesses of each system will be

assessed.

 

The requirements, using  value chain approach for producing  beef cattle; selection of management system, foundation stock, and qualities of bulls and cows to be selected for traction will be assessed.

 

Skills in carrying out practices such as housing, feeding, breeding, fattening, etc. Knowledge of training of yoked cattle  will be assessed.

 

Techniques of slaughtering and processing of carcass, maintenance of safety standards, packaging and sale of meat products will be assessed.

 

The negative effects of poor management of beef cattle on the environment, as well as problems of feed and water shortages, cattle theft ,pestsetc and their solutions will be assessed.

 

 

.

Examples of pure and cross bred dairy breeds in tropical and temperate regions; and the distinguishing features of dairy cow  will be assessed.

 

 

Knowledge of the composition and  nutritional value of fresh milk will  be assessed.

 

Knowledge of sources of milk such as goats, sheep, buffaloes, camels and cattle and the importance of milk from dairy cattle including food, income,employment, trade etc. will be assessed.

 

 

The requirements, using a value chain approach, for producing milk from dairy cattle e.g. market demand for milk and dairy products, inputs for producing wholesome /healthy milk etc. Selecting suitable breeds and management systems  will be assessed.

 

 

Knowledge of symptoms and methods of controlling mastitis, tuberculosis and ketosis is required.

 

Equipment and tools required for milking, milk handling and processing; pasteurization of milk; examples of products e.g. yoghurt, cottage cheese, tinned milk, powdered milk will be assessed.

(i)  Knowledge of consequences of consuming  contaminated milk will be assessed.

(ii)  Knowledge in maintaining quality and safety standards in milk processing and marketing will be assessed. Knowledge of packaging,storage and marketing practices will also be assessed.

 

Effects of warm climate on dairy animals and milk production; and the solutions to the problems will be assessed.

 

 

 

 

 

Candidates will be assessed on their understanding of the basic terms in pasture and range management e.g. pasture, pasture rotation, stocking rate, range, forage crops

 

Types of pasture (natural/range and artificial/cultivated) and their features will be assessed.

 

 

 

 

The role of forage and pasture crops in animal production will be assessed.

 

 

The factors that affect the productivity of different types of pasture eg. rainfall, soil fertility, temperature, weeds, etc. is required

 

 

 

Knowledge of the common and scientific names of the major forage crops and their classification are required.

 

Knowledge of poisonous plants in pasture e.g. Lantana camara, Crotalaria rotundusis required.

 

 

 

 

Knowledge of qualitites of good pasture and forage species e.g. high productivity,

palatability and fast growth is required.

 

Cultural practices associated with pasture establishment e.g. site selection, land preparation, methods of propagation of pasture, their merits and demerits, i.e. seeding, vegetative means will be assessed.

 

Understanding of the need to improve natural pastures and the techniques for improving natural pastures will be required.

 

 

Skills in managing cultivated pastures e.g. control of fire, proper stocking rate, disease prevention and control will be assessed.

 

Knowledge of tools/equipment for harvesting forage crops and yield determination will be assessed.

 

 

 

 

Forage conservation and its importance; the various forms of conserved forage e.g. hay and silage; and differences between  hay and silage based on the physical,chemical and nutritive properties will be assessed

 

 

The processes and precautions in the preparation of hay and silage e.g. cutting herbage at the right time, proper compacting, use of additives,etc will be assessed.

 

 

The different types of crop residue, the merits and demerits of using

residue for feeding ruminants is required.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Knowledge of the common breeds  of rabbits and grasscutter will be assessed.

 

 

Importance of producing the animals e.g. source of meat, pelt, income, will be assessed.

 

 

 

Production and management practices i.e. housing, feeding, sanitation, breeding, disease and pest control, record keeping will be assessed.

 

Activities involved in the processing and marketing of rabbits and grascutter  will be assessed.

 

 

 

Meaning and importance of snail farming are required.

 

 

 

Knowledge of external features of snails and their functions is required.

 

 

 

Knowledge of types of species used for snail farming is required.

 

 

 

Factors to consider in site selection is required.

 

 

Management practices: housing, feeding, sanitation, breeding, pest and disease control, record keeping,  processing and marketing is required.

 

 

 

Steps involved in processing snail as well as marketing will be assessed.

 

 

(i)  Knowledge of animal production

enterprises

(ii)   Factors to be considered and

procedures in establishing animal

production enterprise will be

assessed.

 

Ability to identify common types and breeds of farm animals is required.

 

 

Ability to classify farm animals based on the type of digestive system i.e ruminants, non- ruminant (monogastrics) and non-

ruminant herbivores is required.

 

Ability to describe the orientation of external parts of farm animals and to draw and label animals and their parts will be assessed.

 

Ability to identify and draw the major anatomical structures in the various body systems;  the differences between the structures and their functions will also be assessed.

 

Ability to identify common feedstuffs and supplements e.g. maize, fish meal, oyster shell; and state the major nutrients they contain is required.

Ability to perform simple food tests for carbohydrates, fats and oils and protein is required.

 

Ability to formulate feed using the Pearson Square Method, estimate cost of prepared feed and keep feed records will be

assessed.

 

Ability to identify pests of stored feed and feedstuffs; their effects and control measures will be assessed.

 

Ability to identify the main pests and parasites of farm animals ( ectoparasites and endoparasites); their effects and control will be assessed.

 

Ability to draw and label the life cycles of tapeworm and roundworm is required.

 

Ability to identify the main diseases of farm animals, and causal agents is required.

Simple preventive and control measures such as drenching, dipping, spraying, vaccination; and the various equipment and tools used in their control are also required.

 

Ability to identify the tools and equipment used in artificial insemination and their uses will be assessed.

 

Ability to identify and use equipment to determine parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, respiration rate and heart beat; and interpret data will be assessed.

 

 

 

Ability to identify tools and equipment used for management practices such as housing, breeding, brooding, feeding, identification, debeaking, castration,dehorning, and candling; and their maintenance will be assessed.

 

Ability to identify, and knowledge of the uses of animal products and by-products such as milk, skin, blood meal and feathers will be assessed.

 

Ability to identify forage crops e.g. Panicum maximum; Poisonous plants e.g. Lantana camara; and conserved forage e.g.hay and silage is required.

 

Ability to identify tools and  equipment used in the cultivation and managment of pastures and conservation of forage is also required.

 

Ability to identify suitable material to use in constructing animal houses and structures e.g. cement, bamboo, wire mesh and wood is required.

 

Ability to identify appropriate structures for various farm animals e.g. hutches for rabbits, open -sided houses for pigs.

 

 

 

 

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